Measurements of transmission as a function of the incident light angle result in a photonic band diagram. Our experiments provide evidence that these unusual optical properties are due to the coupling of light with plasmons - electronic excitations - on the surface of the periodically patterned metal film. At these maxima the transmission efficiency can exceed unity (when normalized to the area of the holes), which is orders of magnitude greater than predicted by standard aperture theory. In particular, sharp peaks in transmission are observed at wavelengths as large as ten times the diameter of the cylinders. While exploring the optical properties of submicrometre cylindrical cavities in metallic films, we have found that arrays of such holes display highly unusual zero-order transmission spectra (where the incident and detected light are collinear) at wavelengths larger than the array period, beyond which no diffraction occurs. A fundamental constraint in manipulating light is the extremely low transmittivity of apertures smaller than the wavelength of the incident photon. The desire to use and control photons in a manner analogous to the control of electrons in solids has inspired great interest in such topics as the localization of light, microcavity quantum electrodynamics and near-field optics. The present article will empower big labs to perform this crucial experiment. ![]() Finally, the above alternative answer regarding the spreading of light also makes absolutely necessary to perform the above missing experiment, as a direct way that convinces anybody how light is spreading. With this new structure for light one can see that there is also a missing experiment at the foundation of gravity. On this line, we show here the big-picture for developing this non-wave structure, that is a mechanism-type structure for light. This comparison clearly shows that light does not spread physically like waves, which makes necessary a new, non-wave but periodic structure for light. ![]() However, we show alternatively that the answer to how light spreads also comes from comparing the well-known wave results for the diffraction on macroscopic holes with relatively recent data for the diffraction on nanoscopic holes. We attempted this experiment for many years, but could not finish it because of the lack of resources to measure at 100 m-500 m. However, for a broader view, we describe in detail wave results for spreading of light at large distance, which illustrate the experiment-what are the spatial points where the measurement must be done to see if the above dependence exists, and which is the big picture for the wave approach. This experiment can clearly be developed and performed without any calculation from the wave approach, just by a careful measurement practice. ![]() If there is no dependence then light cannot behave physically like waves. If this dependence exists, as the wave theory for light fundamentally predicts, then the wave approach to light is physically true. Practically, this experiment verifies if there is a dependence of the diffracted light at large distances in the geometrical shadow, on the changes in beam thickness traversal to a single straight edge, while the distribution of light along the straight edge remains the same. This experiment uses the simplest diffraction case, in which a beam of light falls perpendicularly with its axis on the line and the plane of a straight edge. However, very surprisingly and tragically, this direct experiment was totally missing in history. Hence, the experiment for the direct verification if light is spreading like waves at large distances is necessary in principle, and is crucial. ![]() Indeed, the fringe space is too limited and hence, brings the possibility of misinterpretation. We recognize that the spreading of light at large distances (the whole space) is the only property which can decide by yes or no if light really behaves physically like waves, while the fit of the waves for describing the diffraction fringes is insufficient for this purpose.
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